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Boosting defence spending to a record ¥27 trillion ($240 billion) in 2019-2024. Converting the Izumo and Kaga helicopter carriers to operate F-35B fighters. Buying 105 more F-35 fighters, making Japan’s fleet the world’s second-largest. Upgrading defences in new domains of warfare, including cyber and space. Installing two land-based Aegis anti-ballistic and air defence missile systems. BUSINESS STANDARD, 20TH DEC 18 Beijing has predictably opposed Japan’s adoption of a new defence policy on Tuesday that abandons almost three quarters of a century of self-imposed military restraint.  In a game-changing decision, Tokyo has substantially raised defence expenditure over the next five years, and decided to convert its two Izumo-clas* helicopter carriers into full-fledged aircraft carriers that will embark cutting-edge F-35B Lightning II stealth fighters. Japan is poised to become the world’s largest operator of F-35s outside the US. Its original order of 42 F-35A fighters has already begun deploying in Japanese Air Self Defence Force (JASDF) bases. On Tuesday, Japan’s new “National Defence Program Guidelines” and “Medium-Term Defence Program” envision buying 63 more F-35As and 42 F-35Bs – the short take off and vertical landing (STOVL) variant that flies off aircraft carriers. Once delivered, Japan’s fleet of 147 F-35s will be larger than the UK’s fleet of 138 F-35s and behind Japan has not fielded aircraft carriers since the end of World War Two, regarding carriers as offensive weapons that violate the Article 9 of Japan's war-renouncing constitution that states: “Land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be China’s foreign ministry was quick to tap into regional fears of Japanese militarism. “Due to what happened in history, Japan's moves on the military security front have been closely followed by its neighbouring countries in Asia and the international community at large. We urge Japan to keep its commitment to the ‘purely defensive defence’ strategy, stay